The Success of the First Crusade

The Success of the First Crusade The first crusade was a military expedition by European Christians to regain the holy lands and occurred in 1095. It was viewed as an unprecedented success by historians of the day and by contemporary historians. The reasons for this great success, if it can be named great at all, are numerous. From Pope Urban IIs fiery call to arms at the Council of Clermont, to the lack of preparation from the Turks, there are many reasons for this success. Indeed the extreme faith displayed by the crusaders, the quality of their leaders, and the allies which they gained during their extensive journey were further factors which contributed to their success. After receiving the call for military aid from Alexius I, the Byzantine Emperor in 1095, Pope Urban II seized upon this opportunity for him to renew Papal control and influence in the east and to reunite the churches of Rome and Constantinople. Through his highly charismatic sermon given on 27th November 1095 at the Council of Clermont, Urban was able to arouse enthusiasm from the clergy and nobles present for a Holy War on the Muslims in the east. They then went out to their diocese and spread the command of a call to arms from God. This call to arms created a huge influx of people from all works of life and they were all keen to embark on this pilgrimage to the holy land. This was a good thing as more people would mean a larger army for which to defeat the Muslims with. However a lot of people who showed enthusiasm for this pilgrimage were not knights or trained soldiers but were ordinary men, women and children, and so they can be seen as more of a hindrance than of help. On the o ther hand, by there being women, usually wives, on the journey they would have undoubtedly helped the men on this hazardous journey by providing them with the necessary motivation needed to complete this pilgrimage. However the crusaders did not answer the call for arms from Pope Urban likely; they knew that it would be an arduous journey. But for most it was their undoubted faith which made them embark on this journey and it was faith which was a key factor that carried them to Jerusalem. Until recently it has been thought that one of the main motives for people embarking on the crusade was power and profit which could be gained in the supposedly lucrative east. But contemporary historians now believe that a lot of the crusaders were just devout Christians and wished to secure their place in heaven which the Pope had stated would happen if they liberated Jerusalem from the infidel. Faith is a powerful tool; it can make people push beyond their limits and to achieve unattainable goals, as is stated by Setton and Baldwin ‘without zeal and a burning faith it could never have been achieved and hence it was definitely a positive factor in helping the success of the crusaders. The crusaders wer e from all different parts of Europe and spoke many different languages. It was their belief in achieving the one aim of capturing Jerusalem that made them work effectively together as a fighting force. This can be seen when the crusaders captured Antioch. As soon as they captured Antioch, after a gruelling siege of seven months, the crusaders themselves were besieged by an army of Kerbogha of Mosuls. The crusaders were hungry and tired. Furthermore their morale was dangerously low, they were fighting night and day to keep the besiegers out, and just when they thought that all was lost a minor monk called Peter Bartholomew claimed to have discovered the holy lance in the city. This was enough of a sign to give the crusaders faith that they would win and made them fight on. On June 28th they defeated Kerboghas forces. This is a prime example to prove that it was their faith which encouraged the Crusaders to go forth and to face the enemy head on instead of giving up. The first crusaders were indeed many but they were in foreign lands, far away from home and without a reliable source of supplies and so it was important for them to make allies within the region. Though there were some troubles between the crusaders and the Byzantines, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I was very willing to help the crusaders with supplies, a small military force and engineers. The engineers were extremely useful and necessary for the building of siege engines from which they made the capture of towns much easier. Hence the alliance with Alexius was a necessity for the success of the crusade. A further asset to the crusaders was the help from the Armenians. With their help some of the crusaders were able to conquer Edessa and hence form the first of the crusader states called the County of Edessa of which Baldwin was their ruler. Also it was an Armenian guard who Bohemond bribed at Antioch to open the cities gates. Furthermore, it was also an Armenian commander who help ed the crusaders capture Jerusalem by surrendering his tower on the main walls to them. Otherwise the crusaders quite possibly would have had to have gone through a lengthy siege in which many of them would have died. Baldwin of Boulogne also had an Armenian called Pakrad on his staff whom he relied on for advice on the area and the diplomatic stance between states and rulers. Another main ally who the crusaders had but were not as prominent was the Christian people who were already there. They tried their best to help the crusaders by giving them what provisions they could spare and by trying to help overthrow the garrisons of towns of which the crusaders were trying to capture. But there is evidence that a lot of Christians within these Muslim states were quite content with their Muslim overlords and so were not keen in helping a foreign army even if it was a Christian one. Another key factor which can be seen during the first crusade is that of the competency of the crusaders leadership. The crusaders were in the hands of experienced princes whom had seen combat in various wars. This can be seen through the tactics which they employed, such as them used on June 30th 1097 when Bohemonds army was surrounded by a Turkish army. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy performed an ingenious diversion of crossing the mountains to flank the enemy and come up on their rear, ‘which caused them to flee in panic and confusion'[1]. But even though the crusaders leaders were highly skilled at leading they were not always a unifying force. There was a growing tension between Raymond and Bohemond. But other than that there was not much quarrelling within the army itself. Some of the main leaders were driven to a degree by their own ambition and this sometimes led to atrocities occurring. An example of this is the massacre of 300 Norman troops who Baldwin of Boulogne had forced to camp outside the walls of his newly captured town of Tarsus because he did not trust them and hence they were slaughtered by the towns former garrison under nightfall. But through all of the bad decisions, most of the time when they were needed to unify and attack together they did just that. They worked as one army, even if they disagreed on tactics when they assaulted and besieged major cities such as Antioch and Jerusalem. Indeed the assault on Jerusalem was impeded time wise by the arguing between the leaders over who should be given Antioch, but when they eventually got there the remaining princes worked together to gain success. But the fact that most of the princes true ambitions lay in their own personal gain is shown by Bohemond who selfishly never took any further part in the crusade after becoming Prince of Antioch. He never even went to Jerusalem. This was a major reason in why it took so long for the crusaders to take Antioch, because Raymond had wanted t o storm the city but Bohemond refused and wanted to besiege it even though there wasnt enough troops to encircle the city. Bohemonds decision to siege was due to his own greed; he wanted Antioch for himself and so wanted it intact. The siege was perhaps harder on the crusaders than the defenders as they quickly ran out of food which led to desertion and cannibalism. Even though these blasphemous events were occurring, Bohemond still held the siege which shows that he didnt care much about the religious side to the crusade but by taking Antioch he did succeed in completing his own agenda and furthered the crusaders cause. One of the most important reasons for the success of the first crusade was the disunity within the Muslim nations in and around the holy land and their underestimation of the threat to which the crusaders posed. During the time of the first crusade, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were all under Muslim control. But they were politically and, to some extent, culturally fragmented and hence this would have certainly contributed to the success of the first crusade. These differences can be seen through the internal rivalry which had been going on between competing territories. Anatolia and Syria were controlled by the Sunni Seljuks, and used to be unified in one big empire but in 1092 Malik-Shah, the Seljuk sultan, died and his sons quarrelled over who would succeed him. So the sultans once large empire was split between the competing sons. Hence when the crusaders came marching through, these states were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gai ning control of their neighbours, than with cooperating against the crusaders. There was also a failure to react quickly enough to the crusading threat by the Turks and the rest of the Muslim states. During the Peoples crusade The Turkish king Kilij Arslans capital, Nicaea was situated close to where the crusaders were based. He was happy enough to watch them ravage the countryside but as soon as they threatened his city he easily defeated them. This easy defeat of the Christian forces lulled him into a false sense of security. When he heard that another Christian force had amassed at Constantinople he assumed that it would be of the same type of incompetent soldiers as before and so took the majority of his army to attack a rival state, ‘he had not foreseen that the crusading army would be so strong'[2]. This same sort of misconception of the crusading forces was common among many of the Muslim leaders, and hence played a major part in the success of the first crusade. This can be proven by the failure of the second crusade. It contained around the same amount of people as the first crusade but by this time the Muslim leaders were more prepared and swiftly defeated the crusaders in two battles[3]. Even though the main reason for the success of the first crusade was the disunity between the Muslim states, all of the factors mentioned contributed to the crusades success. The crusaders allies played their part in helping the crusaders to succeed in their goals. Also the faith of the people played a major part. Their faith cannot be underestimated, it kept them going and forced them onwards to Jerusalem; it was their faith which stopped them from turning back even when they were dying from starvation and disease. It was ultimately their faith which drove them to succeed. Bibliography Asbridge, T. S. , The First Crusade: A New History,(London, 2004). Baldwin, M. W. ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 177 343. Phillips, J. P. , The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, (Manchester, 1997). Phillips, J. P. , ‘Who Were the First Crusaders?, History Today 47:5 (Manchester, 1997), pp. 16-22. Riley-Smith J. , The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London, 1981). Riley-Smith, J. , The First Crusade and the idea of crusading, (London, 1986). Rochester, R. W. , Military Operations in the First Crusade 1097-1099 A.D.,(Liverpool, 1955). Runciman, S. , The First Crusade, (Cambridge, 1980). Wolf, K. B. , ‘Crusade and Narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum, Journal of Medieval History 17 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 207-16. [1] M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 293. [2] M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 289. [3] J. Riley-Smith , The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London, 1981), p. 14.

Becoming a Better Negotiator

Over the past 8 weeks there has been a lot that I have learned about myself as a person with inner reflection in my negotiation style. Negotiation is a skill that I thought people have to be born with. Although people can be born better suited with negotiation skills; the skill is also a craft that can be taught and learned. People must be able to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses and build off their strengths to become a better negotiator.Lewicki, Saunders and Barry (2011) state that while some people may look like born negotiators, negotiation is fundamentally a skill involving analysis and communication that everyone can learn. I think that the questionnaires that I took really amplified what I need to work on as a negotiator. Negotiation is a part of everyday life for everyone, in home life and in personal life and becoming a better negotiator can impact our lives positively in both. This paper will reflect and summarize what I learned about myself doing both questionnair es and how I plan on improving my negotiation skills using this class going forward.QuestionnairesThe first questionnaire is called The Personal Bargaining Inventory. This questionnaire helps clarify the perceptions of one’s self on different dimensions of negotiation; from how a person should or â€Å"ought† to negotiate, power and deception, cooperation and competition, and winning and losing. The second questionnaire is called Communication Competence Scale. This scale is a diagnostic tool to help one determine their level of communication competence.Communication competence is defined as the ability  to enact both appropriate and effective messages in any communication setting. The Personal Bargaining Inventory asked twenty three questions rating my own behavior and twenty seven questions rating people’s behavior in general, on a scale of 1-7, 1 being strongly uncharacteristic and 7 being strongly characteristic (Lewicki, Saunders, & Barry, 2009). Both of these questionnaires make you look at yourself and gauge how we feel about our own behavior in negotiation and communication.It also makes us reflect on how we believe others should act and behave in negotiation. These are both great exercises for someone to use if they want to figure out exactly what they need to work on to become a better negotiator. Some of the questions asked about ethics; such as lying to get what we want, taking advantage of someone, and being accountable about the things we say in conversation and in negotiation. One must be completely honest when taking these questionnaires. Both of these questionnaires helped me reflect on myself and what I think of myself.About MeMargaret J. Wheatley said â€Å"without reflection, we go blindly on our way, creating more unintended consequences, and failing to achieve anything useful†. I think these questionnaires help with my own personal reflection. I have always been told that I am antagonistic and this is somethi ng that I need to work on. These questionnaires only backed up that assessment. A couple of the questions in particular stuck out to me. I had to be honest with myself, which helped opened up my eyes and helped me realize this truth. In the Personal Bargaining Inventory question number 21 was eye opening; â€Å"in any competitive situation, I like to win. Not just win, but win by the biggest margin possible†.I ranked myself truthfully at a 7, strongly characteristic. I hate to lose. I don’t know of anyone that does, but I really hate it. I get a sinking feeling in my stomach when I lose, or team I root for loses. It affects my attitude and really upsets me. I love to win. They say a win is a win, but in negotiation concessions must be made. Keeping this behavior could end up hurting my negotiation strategies in life. I must be willing to compromise more.The second question came in the Communication Competence Scale, â€Å"generally, I think about how others might  i nterpret what I say†. I need to choose my words more carefully when dealing with people. I don’t usually think about what I say before saying it, and sometimes people may interpret those things negatively. These questionnaires really helped me reflect on myself as a negotiator and as a person. Everyone could benefit from using them.Get BetterAs seen above there is room for me to improve and become a better negotiator. We all should try and become more well rounded people in our lives, to become morally and ethically responsible as well as better negotiators. I believe that I can become a better leader in life and at work if I am able to become a better negotiator. I can do better for my family and I can do better for myself. There are ten best practices to use for negotiators. I will use these ten practices to improve my skills and craft my negotiation style. Those ten practices are the following:1.Be prepared. 2.Diagnose the fundamental structure of the negotiation. 3. Work the BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) 4.Be willing to walk away. 5.Master the paradoxes. 6.Remember the intangibles. 7.Actively manage coalitions. 8.Savor and protect your reputation. 9.Remember that rationality and fairness are relative. 10.Continue to learn from the experience.I have a real life experience that just happened to me that these ten practices would have helped me with. I had set up a meeting with a customer and I expected just to introduce myself to these guys and let them know that I was new to the area. I wanted to show face to them and let them know that I was here to help. Well that was part of what happened. These guys took me and put me in a conference room and asked me a million questions about my company and what I would do for them. I feel I did okay in this situation, but had I been able to prepare for this negotiation I might have done a  better job.Practice 1 and 10 are what I will take away the most from this to learn from. Had I k nown that this introduction would have been more than just that, I would have prepared better for some of the questions they asked. I am new to this position and I will be able to walk away from this experience with something to work on. I tried my best to keep all questions in a positive light and try and make the meeting as personal as possible. This negotiation was not for a contract, but more or less for an opportunity that could lead to one. I laid a lot of my cards out on the table to let them know that I wanted to build trust. There were three guys in the meeting.Two of them specifically said that all they cared about was price, while the third said, â€Å"I don’t give two (curse)’s about price, all I care about is what you are going to do for me, I care about service†. This helps me in the future going forward with these guys, being able to address what is the most important thing to them when it comes to doing business with me and my company. This custo mer has all the power and they know it. All I want to go out and earn their business. I am a vendor to them and there are other vendors that can offer the same services as I can, what can I do to earn their business? I need to make my experience personal with them and try and build a personal relationship. Building trust in negotiation is one of the biggest and most important things in business.Once I get the opportunity to build this trust and earn this work I can then go into the negotiation faze of an MRO contract. MRO stands for Maintenance, Repair and Operations. We write out these contracts for loyal customers that basically take the negotiation out of our work. We set the prices and the services provided for the customer that we don’t need to earn or negotiate, we need to basically â€Å"keep them happy† until the contract runs out. They are set for 5 years and are fair and rational for both us and the customer.If I am able to get to the point of a negotiation f or a MRO contract, it would look really good to my supervisors and I could become one of the youngest managers in our company. I must take a plan of action to see things from my opponent’s perspective and keep in mind the intangibles that go into negotiation. Leaders must be credible and trustworthy (Bednarz 2011). Learning to become a better negotiator and person would definitely make me a better leader for my family and my company.In conclusion, this class has taught me a lot about negotiation and myself in the process. There are steps and processes that anyone can take that can train and help turn this into a skill. Negotiation is not the easiest thing in the world to do. No one is born with the same personality, and negotiation is a skill (like sports or music) that can be born with in certain people. But like sports and music, negotiation is a craft that can be worked, learned, exercised and honed. We must always get ready and be prepared prior to a negotiation. We must also learn from all our negotiations in life so that we can get better.

Teaching Reading Skills For Students - 1750 Words

Introduction: There are many means that a teacher can approach reading with students. Teachers lay the foundation for a students for students’ futures when teaching reading skills. Having strong reading skills are a necessary part of a successful educational program. When these mechanisms come together it permits the students to become better readers. Students need foundational skills and scaffolding which are completed in different stages. According to Bonnie B Armbruster, Fran Lehr, and Jean Osborn have deemed that there is a concise order to proper reading skills which also coincides with a person’s cognitive development. These five stages are the key to proper reading skills for life. â€Å"The evidence is clear: reading is about as good as it gets for the optimal development of children.† (Capuano, 2010) All people that tend to the child are part of the reading foundation for the child. Phonemic Awareness Researcher, Hallie Kay Yopp, had describes the phonemic awareness as a speech flow that a person makes and a sequence of sound. It is specifically phonemes, the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in communication. (1992; pg696). Phenomes are single sounds that when combined create words. In school and when reading to children we are training them to be able to differentiate miniscule changes in words such as men and Ben. This skill allows for smoother and more fluent reading later on. (2001).Parents and teachers should encourage students toShow MoreRelatedInstructional Research Project : Teaching Reading Comprehension Skills to Third Grade Students1266 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION Discussion Purpose of Project The goal of this project was to test a unit of instruction designed to teach 3rd grade students comprehension strategies to help them become better readers. 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The Issues Of The Juvenile Justice Act - 820 Words

Queensland is well known for its contrasting position on the youth justice system, contravening with the Conventions of the Right of the Child (CRC) and disregarding recommendations made by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The Juvenile Justice Act 1992 (QLD) is particularly scrutinized for containing legislation that states 17 year olds can be charged, tried and detained as an adults, giving courts the potential to overcharge punishments for juveniles and threaten their safety in adult prisons (). This legislation is not in the best interest of the child, fails to rehabilitate youth, is not fair, just or equitable and should therefore be amended to reach the standards of the United Nations and other Australian states. By analysing the key issues of the Juvenile Justice Act 1992 and examining the social implication of these issues on key stakeholders, the recommendation that Queensland should adopt America’s Intensive Supervision Program and chan ge the definition of a child to include 17 year olds in the legislation can be made. The Juvenile Justice Act 1992 states that children are people ‘who have not turned 17 years of age,’ leaving the potential for 17 year olds to be dealt with in the adult criminal justice system. However according to the Family Law Act 1975 ‘a child means a person who is under 18 years of age.’ Similarly, other Queensland legislation such as Section 36 of the Acts Interpretation Act 1954 defines a child as ‘anShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagesis to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. 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Psychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler

Psychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler Introduction The field of psychology has produced a variety of influential theories. The major schools of thought in the field have distinct philosophical and empirical foundations which have shaped their goals as well as their methods. Although no particular school of thought has given us an exhaustive understanding of human psychology, each has produced ideas that are useful for understanding particular areas of it. The modern period of psychology has been dominated for the most part by the school of Behaviorism. The ideas of Behaviorism have been useful for understanding why human beings, in general, act and react as they do in certain situations. However, Behaviorism has been much less effective in explaining the variations in behavior among different individuals in the same situation. Sigmund Freud offered a radically different approach to psychology from that of his contemporaries. Whereas most of the leading minds in the field, particularly the Behaviorists, approached psychology as an experimental science to be studied in laboratories, Freud was a physician who approached psychology from a medical perspective. Freud attracted one disciple named Alfred Adler who later broke away from some of Freuds ideas and presented an alternative form of psychoanalysis. Thesis: Psychoanalysis has been the most influential school of psychology for understanding the variations between individuals, which experimentalShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesPsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. 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Welcome to Ap Art History Free Essays

WELCOME TO AP ART HISTORY!!! Greetings AP Art History Student! Welcome to your course! My name is Mrs. Crosier and I’m thrilled to have you as a student to work together to help you earn free college credit! An Advanced Placement (AP) course with FLVS is a rigorous, college-level learning experience. AP courses require a high level of commitment and are an opportunity to earn college credit based on a qualifying score on a national AP exam. We will write a custom essay sample on Welcome to Ap Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now A student should only be enrolled in an FLVS AP course if he/she plans to both prepare for and take the national AP exam in May, 2013. In fact, no AP credit will be issued until after May 2013 ( with the exception of students attending a public school in Leon, Dade, Broward, Palm Beach or Okeechobee County), once you have completed the course AND participated in the national AP Exam. To ensure this is clearly understood, you AND your parent must sign and date this document and return it to me. This form must be returned to me in order for you to move beyond your Grace Period. Again, it is vital to understand we WILL NOT issue your final grade until AFTER the AP Exam in May, 2013 and ALL Coursework is completed by May 1. Verification forms for exam participation will be distributed to students in January, 2013. If you do not plan to take the AP exam, please let me know immediately. You will begin this two semester course starting with artworks from prehistoric times to the 21st century. You can begin working in your course but you will not be activated until I meet and speak with you and your parent/guardian on the phone for a â€Å"welcome call. † This will be a brief 5-10 minute call to meet and review the welcome PowerPoint you viewed. If, however, you are no longer interested in taking this course online, please call or email me mcrosier@flvs. net and let me know and I will withdraw you without any consequence or penalty. For a brief, interactive orientation, please visit (Please be sure to copy and paste the link into a browser): http://www. lvs. net/quickstart I am available daily from 8-8. Please go to the appointment scheduler located under my name in the course or call me at 386-454-0325. In the event, I am with another student, please leave a message and I will return your call. I look forward to speaking to you and your parent or guardian and to having you as part of this class. We’re going to have a great Learning experience together! Mrs. Martha Crosier AP Art History Instructor Phone: 386-454-0325 (8-8) Email: mcrosier@flvs. net AP Exam Policy Acknowledgement and AP Credit Policy We acknowledge that I am required to take the May, 2013 AP Exam for this course AND will only at that time receive AP credit if I successfully complete the course and submit the signed Exam Verification form. I further acknowledge all work and exams for the course are due May 1, 2013. Student’s printed name: _____________________________________________ Student signature: _____________________________________________ Date ________________________ Parent/Guardian signature: _____________________________________________ Date ________________________ How to cite Welcome to Ap Art History, Papers

Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance. Answer: Introduction The case study of VIC Government had been selected for analysing the effective development of the risk assessment report. The inclusion of the effective and smart development methodology would be helpful for developing the operations of VIC government. According to Steinberg (2016), the development of the operations would be helpful for integrating the operations of the organization and it would be helpful for forming the integration of the smart operations in the organization. The development of the systematic flow of operations would help the organization for forming the accurate and systematic development of the operations. The following assignment had been developed for integrating the risk assessment in the operations of the information system development for VIC government. The report had considered the evaluation issues and threats by implementation of the effective analysis method. The evaluation of the security risks and threats in the VIC government had considered the development of a diagram using Microsoft Visio and it had pointed out the various threats and risks of implementing information system in the organization. Illustration of Security Risks and Threats in VIC Government The risk analysis for the development of the information system in VIC government had been employed for forming the accurate and smart tools for analyzing the development of the information system of VIC government. The diagram had been constructed in the Microsoft Visio and it represents the components of the risk and threats acting on the information system that is being implemented in the VIC government. The following diagram has been constructed for representing the various threats and risk factors, As opined by Perera, R., Nand, P. (2015), the components of the diagram made for the analysis of the risk factor and develops the effective and smart risk assessment. The implementation of the developed processes would help in forming the accurate and effective operations for the development of the organization. The system integration would be helpful for realizing the impact of the operational development of the operations. The components of diagram are VIC Government, Information Management System, Codes of Practices, Risk and Threats, Accidental and Deliberate Threats, and External and Internal Threats. Component Description VIC Government According to Von Solms and Van Niekerk (2013), the information of the customers and the members of VIC government are the primary component of the risk assessment for the information system implementation. The implementation of the information system would be helpful for forming the eventful development of the operations and carrying out the activities of the smart system implementation. The storage of the data and information would comprise of developing the effective and smart processing of the information. Information Management System The information management system would be helpful for forming the improved facilities of the operation. The implementation of the operations would comprise of forming the VIC system implementation. According to Bommer, Crowley and Pinho (2015), the development of the storage and system database would be possible due to the implementation of the effective and smart processing of the information system. The implementation had been largely implied for developing the effective processing of the information at VIC government. The management of the information would form the effective deployment of the faster and improved services in the operations. Codes of Practices ISO/IEC.AC/AZS 17799:2001 is the ACS code of ethic developed for implementing the effective and smart processing of the operations in the VIC government organization. The codes of practices would be implied for forming the effective and improved processes of the organization. The development of the code of practices would be implied for keeping the concerns of the operations intact for the implementation of the operations. The code of practices would be implied by Australian Computer Society. Risk and Threats Alcorn, Good and Pain (2013) have defined risk as the primary factor that can cause the development of the effective and implied operations unsuccessful. The risk consists of some hindrances that would form the impact on the operations and it would result in forming the issues of the operation. The risks of VIC information system implementation are staff errors, denial of service, industrial action, transmission errors, programming errors, theft and fraud, technical failures, eavesdropping, social engineering issue, and malwares. Bommer, Crowley and Pinho (2015) have defined threat as the factors of unsure that can affect the development of the information system development. The implication of the effective and employed development of the operations would form the integration of the functions. The development of the operations would not be ensured for forming the estimated outcome from the operations due to threats. The factors of threats in the information system implementation are unauthorized software, website intrusion, unauthorized access, piracy of software, loss of information, and failure of communication. Accidental and Deliberate Threats Von Solms and Van Niekerk (2013) have defined the accidental threats as the sudden issues of the operations of the organization. The accidental threat would not be intended for occurrence and hence it would not be of much critical impact on the operations of the system. Proper planning would be implied for forming the safety of operations with the organization for implementing the information system. The accidental threats are technical failures, transmission errors, programming errors, loss of information, failure of outsourced operations, failure of communication, and staff errors. On the contrary, Perera and Nand (2015) have developed the analysis of the deliberate threat to be the most crucial in impacting the operations of the organization. The deliberate threats are implied for harming the operations of the organization purposely. It is the most critical hindrance and have highest priority of harming the operations of the organization. The deliberate threats are eavesdropping, industrial action, denial of service, website intrusion, piracy of software, theft and fraud, unauthorized access, malwares, unauthorized software, and social engineering issue. External and Internal Threats Man et al. (2014) have stated that the external threats are a result of outside interference on the information system and its operations. The external threats are classified for forming the major issues in the development of the operations as they cause critical hindrance and have highest priority of harming the operations of the organization. The external threats for VIC information system implementation are technical failures, eavesdropping, programming errors, unauthorized access, denial of service, transmission errors, malwares, and website intrusion. As opined by Lam (2014), the internal threats are some inbuilt issues and problems that the development of the information system faces due to the interior faults and errors. The internal errors consist of some sudden issues of the operations of the organization. The internal threats for VIC information system implementation are unauthorized software, piracy of software, industrial action, failure of communication, loss of information, failure of outsourced operations, social engineering issue, and staff errors. Table 1: Explanation of the Diagram developed for Risk Analysis Classification of Risk Exposure Areas Man et al. (2014) has classified risk in terms of the risk exposure areas and they are namely high, medium, medium-low, and low risk exposure areas. The explanation and example of the risk exposure areas are given in the table below, Risk Exposure Areas Description Examples High Risk Exposure Areas Have high capacity of impact on the operations of the project and it would form the major and critical impact on the information system of VIC government a) Intrusion b) Phishing c) Malware d) Data theft Medium Risk Exposure Areas Have medium capacity of impact on the operations of the project and it would form the moderate impact on the information system of VIC government a) Issues of design b) Data misinterpretation c) Software issues Medium Low Risk Exposure Areas Have Low capacity of impact on the operations of the project and it would form the minor impact on the information system of VIC government a) Wrong data entry b) Data incompatibility c) Integration issue Low Risk Exposure Areas Have least capacity of impact on the operations of the project and it would form no impact on the information system of VIC government a) Social engineering issues b) Errors generated by the users Table 2: Explanation of the Risk Exposure Areas Comparison and Ranking of Accidental and Deliberate Threats Rank Description Examples Justification of ranking 1st Perera and Nand (2015) have developed the analysis of the deliberate threat to be the most crucial in impacting the operations of the organization. The deliberate threats are implied for harming the operations of the organization purposely. Eavesdropping, industrial action, denial of service, website intrusion, piracy of software, theft and fraud, unauthorized access, malwares, unauthorized software, and social engineering issue It is the most critical hindrance and has highest priority of harming the operations of the organization. Hence it has been ranked first. 2nd Von Solms and Van Niekerk (2013) have defined the accidental threats as the sudden issues of the operations of the organization. The accidental threat would not be intended for occurrence and hence it would not be of much critical impact on the operations of the system. Technical failures, transmission errors, programming errors, loss of information, failure of outsourced operations, failure of communication, and staff errors. Proper planning would be implied for forming the safety of operations with the organization for implementing the information system. Hence it has been ranked second. Table 3: Comparison of Accidental and Deliberate Threats for VIC government Security and Risk Management Challenges for VIC government The VIC information system implementation had been implied for forming the effective development of the operations of the organization. However the organization had to face some issues of security challenges and operational challenges that has been explained below, Security Challenges: The security challenges are implied for harming the operations of the organization purposely (Rasmussen, 2013). The security challenges are the most crucial in impacting the operations of the organization and it results in forming major hindrance in the operations of the organization. The security challenges include eavesdropping, industrial action, denial of service, website intrusion, piracy of software, theft and fraud, unauthorized access, malwares, unauthorized software, and social engineering issue. Operational Challenges: The operational challenges are the sudden issues of the operations of the organization (Healey, 2016). The operational challenges would not be intended for occurrence and hence it would not be of much critical impact on the operations of the system. The operational challenges include technical failures, transmission errors, programming errors, loss of information, failure of outsourced operations, failure of communication, and staff errors. Comparing Risk and Uncertainty Silbey (2013) considers risk as the primary factor that can cause the development of the effective and implied operations unsuccessful. The risk consists of some hindrances that would form the impact on the operations and it would result in forming the issues of the operation. The risks of VIC information system implementation are staff errors, denial of service, industrial action, transmission errors, programming errors, theft and fraud, technical failures, eavesdropping, social engineering issue, and malwares. Covello et al. (2013) considers uncertainty as the factors of doubt that can affect the development of the information system development. The implication of the effective and employed development of the operations would form the integration of the functions. The development of the operations would not be ensured for forming the estimated outcome from the operations due to uncertainties. The factors of uncertainties in the information system implementation are unauthorized software, website intrusion, unauthorized access, piracy of software, loss of information, and failure of communication. Risk Mitigation and Management The risk consists of some hindrances that would form the impact on the operations and it would result in forming the issues of the operation of VIC information system implementation. Hence it is crucial for developing a risk mitigation and management plan for forming the effective solution to the development of the operations in the organization. The risk mitigation and management consists of four steps namely identification of the risk, analysis of the risk, mitigation of the risk, and evaluation of the risk. Step Description Identification of the risk The identification of the risk factor is helpful for identifying the factors of risk in the operations. It is the first step in the development of risk assessment and management. Analysis of the risk The analysis of the risk is formed for the development of the risk mitigation and management plan and it would prioritize them. It is the second step in the development of risk assessment and management. Mitigation of the risk The mitigation of the risk forms an effective risk mitigation strategy to be implemented for the effective deployment of the risk mitigation and management plan operations. It is the third step in the development of risk assessment and management. Evaluation of the risk The evaluation of the risk forms the accurate and improved processes for the operations of risk mitigation and management plan. It is the last step in the development of risk assessment and management. Table 4: Steps of Risk Mitigation and Management Plan Conclusion The report had been developed on two factors and they are risk assessment and case study of implementing information system in VIC government. The case study of VIC Government had been analysed for integrating the risk assessment in the operations of the information system development. The evaluation of the security risks and threats in the VIC government had pointed out the various threats and risks of implementing information system in the organization. The components of diagram VIC Government, information management system, codes of practices, risk and threats, accidental and deliberate threats, and external and internal threats were evaluated for forming the analysis of the risk analysis process. The classification of the risk in terms of the risk exposure areas and they are namely high, medium, medium-low, and low risk exposure areas had helped in forming a deep analysis of the comparison and ranking of accidental and deliberate threats. The VIC information system implementation had to face some issues of security challenges and operational challenges that had been explained in the report. The completion of the report had helped in forming the inference that risk is the primary factor that can cause the development of the effective and implied operations unsuccessful and uncertainty is the factors of doubt that can affect the development of the information system development. The risk mitigation and management consisted of four steps namely identification of the risk, analysis of the risk, mitigation of the risk, and evaluation of the risk. References Alcorn, A.M., Good, J. and Pain, H., (2013, July). Deliberate system-side errors as a potential pedagogic strategy for exploratory virtual learning environments. InInternational Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education(pp. 483-492). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Ali, E., Denis, A. F., Kujur, F. E., Chaudhary, M. (2014). Risk Management Strategies for Accidental Risk Occurrence on Construction SitesA Case Study of Allahabad.Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR),3(2), 89. Bommer, J. J., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. (2015). A risk-mitigation approach to the management of induced seismicity.Journal of Seismology,19(2), 623-646. Covello, V. T., Lave, L. B., Moghissi, A. A., Uppuluri, V. R. R. (Eds.). (2013).Uncertainty in risk assessment, risk management, and decision making(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Healey, A. N. (2016). The insider threat to nuclear safety and security.Security Journal,29(1), 23-38. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Mans, R. S., van der Aalst, W. M., Vanwersch, R. J., Moleman, A. J. (2013). Process mining in healthcare: Data challenges when answering frequently posed questions. InProcess Support and Knowledge Representation in Health Care(pp. 140-153). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Nowak, B. (2013). A 5-step strategy for harnessing global information growth.Information Management,47(4), 42. Perera, R., Nand, P. (2015, April). A multi-strategy approach for lexicalizing linked open data. InInternational Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics(pp. 348-363). Springer International Publishing. Rakow, T., Heard, C. L., Newell, B. R. (2015). Meeting Three Challenges in Risk Communication Phenomena, Numbers, and Emotions.Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2(1), 147-156. Rasmussen, S. (2013). Risk and uncertainty. InProduction Economics(pp. 163-180). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Silbey, S. S. (2013). Organizational Challenges to Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance A New Common Sense about Regulation.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,649(1), 6-20. Spring, J. (2014).Fall 2014 SEI Research Review: Malware Analysis. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST. Steinberg, A. N. (2016). A model for threat assessment. InFusion Methodologies in Crisis Management(pp. 313-340). Springer International Publishing. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, 97-102.